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Monitoring and Evaluation of Peatland Assessment in SE Asia by Satellite (PASSES)

Worked in collaboration with the M&E Team Leader and other members of the PASSES consortium. Provided expert guidance to the M&E activities for the PASSES programme in Indonesia to ensure the insights and learning from M&E were of high quality, and locally relevant. Provided guidance to ensure the PASSES M&E activities took account of other programmes operating in Indonesia, particularly the FLAG and Forests 2020 programmes.

Background

PASSES (Peat Land Assessment in SE Asia by Satellite) was a collaborative development project led by CGI, a global end-to-end IT and business process services company based in London.

​The project was a partnership of several institutions based in the UK:

Geomatic Ventures Limited (GVL)
University of Leicester 
University of Nottingham
Centre for Ecology and Hydrology
Liverpool John Moores University
IPE Triple Line Consulting (Dala Institute was sub-contracted by IPE Tripleline to carry out fieldwork activity in Indonesia).
 

The project scientific personnel were:

Thomas Lankester was an Earth Observation (EO) Technical Architect with 25+ years of systems engineering and EO application experience. He had been Technical Manager for the development and operations of complex EO production environments such as the ESA High Level Product Generation (HiProGen) service, as well as having been involved in the development of the UK Climate and Environmental Monitoring from Space (CEMS) facility.
Andrew Sowter was GVL’s CTO and had almost 30 years’ experience in the processing and interpretation of SAR data. His InSAR solution had formed the main basis for the creation of GVL, specifically his invention of the ISBAS technique which allowed precise measurement of the rates of land motion over vegetated land cover, including peat land. In 2014, he was the winner of the prestigious Copernicus Masters prize, awarded by the EU, ESA and the EEA.
Susan Page was a Centre for Landscape and Climate Research (CLCR) member and held a Chair in Physical Geography. Her research addressed ecology, carbon dynamics, impacts of land use and fire on tropical peat lands; peat land restoration, ecosystem service provision and livelihoods. She had participated in multinational research on SE Asian peat lands; was the first to draw attention to the scale of carbon emissions from Indonesian peat land fires; and was Lead Author on fire emissions from organic soils for the IPCC (Wetlands Supplement, 2013). 
Kevin Tansey was a CLCR member and a Professor of Remote Sensing. His research focussed on characterising vegetation on the Earth's surface and identifying disturbance indicators (specifically fire, deforestation, degradation and drainage) of vegetation. He was a member of the Global Observation of Forest and Land Cover Dynamics Fire Implementation Team (GOFC-GOLD Fire IT).
Doreen Boyd was Associate Professor and Reader in the School of Geography at UoN and had a 16-year research track record working with remotely sensed data. Her research had been undertaken in both academic and commercial environments. She had won funding from the Royal Society (South East Asian Rainforest Research Programme), the Japanese Space Agency, EPSRC, NERC and AHRC. 
Chris Evans led the CEH Peat Land and Coastal Biogeochemistry Group, and was a visiting professor at Bangor University and the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. He had worked on SE Asian peatlands for over a decade, and had published scientific and policy articles relating to SE Asian peatland management in high-impact journals including Nature, Science, Global Change Biology and Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 
Stephanie Evers was a Senior Lecturer in Freshwater Biology and Wetland Biogeochemistry. She had been working on SE Asian peatlands for 6 years and had been based in the region for 5 years prior to starting at LJMU. She had multiple ongoing projects in Malaysia linked to assessing the environmental degradation of peatlands under varied land uses and development of effective management strategies.
Shoa Asfaha was an IPE Triple Line M&E, gender and inclusion, forest governance and climate change specialist, with more than 25 years’ experience in international development. She was the Head of Forest Governance and Climate Change at IPE Triple Line, and held a PhD in Economic Geography.
Martin Wright was an international development specialist with over 30 years of experience in project and grant programme management, M&E. He was part of the IPE Triple Team working on the DFID Forest Land Use and Governance (FLAG) programme in Indonesia.
Aidy Halimanjaya was an Indonesian consultant with 10 years of research and consultancy expertise in forestry and climate change mitigation. She had extensive experience in impact assessment and M&E in Indonesia, Brazil and Peru. She had co-designed an innovative method to assess the outcomes of a $30m climate change mitigation forestry programme with CIFOR and ODI.
 

PASSES was supported by the UK’s Space Agency in collaboration with the UK’s International Climate Fund through International Partnership Programme II.

Approach

As a development project which involved commercial interest after the project ended, PASSES was driven to deliver data analytical processing which met the needs of its clients. Hence the central idea of the project was to make sure it captured the user requirements before building any algorithms for monitoring peatland via satellite observation. The innovative feature of PASSES was to offer clients or users a method to measure the subsidence of peatland in a certain period as the proxy of degradation of peat.

 

To complement the analysis for the baseline, the evaluation of this project conducted a political economy of peatland in Indonesia using a framework from the World Bank known as Problem Driven Analysis as presented below.

 

Summary of Land Use Monitoring Data and Political Economy Problem Driven Analysis 

 

Governance And Political Economy (GPE) Problem Driven Analysis

What vulnerabilities/ challenges?

Evidence of poor outcomes to which GPE weaknesses appeared to contribute

E.g.: repeated failure to adopt sector reform and poor sector outcomes, infrastructure identified as constraints to growth but not effectively addressed, continuous food insecurity, corruption continuing to undermine the business climate even after anti-corruption law.

 

Institutional and governance arrangements and capacities 

What were the associated institutional set-up and governance arrangements?

Mapping of relevant branches of government, ministries, agencies and their interaction.

Existing laws and regulations. Policy processes (formal rules & de facto). What mechanisms intended to ensure integrity and accountability and to limit corruption existed?

 

Political economy drivers

Why were things this way? Why were policies or institutional arrangements not being improved?

Analysis of stakeholders, incentives, rents/rent distribution, historical legacies and prior experiences with reforms, social trends and forces (e.g., ethnic tensions), and how they shaped current stakeholder positions and actions.

 

Adopted from: Fritz, Kaiser and Levy 2009: ix. 

 

Methods

PASSES used mixed methods to collect and analyse data. The empirical basis of the evaluation used a literature review, interviews with key stakeholders and a survey. These data were used to measure how peatland assessment in South East Asia, primarily in Indonesia, was improved after the PASSES project. This improvement in monitoring and assessment of peatland was expected to improve the management of peatland in this region.

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References 

 

Alfarizi K. 2018. Pemerintah Berharap FAO Memotret Kondisi Hutan Indonesia. Tempo.co.

 

Arumingtyas L. 2018. Deforestasi Indonesia 2017 Turun, Definisi Masih Perdebatan.

Mongabay [Internet]. Available from: http://www.mongabay.co.id/2018/01/29/deforestasi-indonesia-2017-turun-definisi-masih-perdebatan/

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CIFOR. 2015. Politik ekonomi kebakaran hutan dan asap di Indonesia [Internet]. Available from: https://forestsnews.cifor.org/30905/politik-ekonomi-kebakaran-hutan-dan-asap-di-indonesia?fnl=id

 

Fritz V, Kaiser K, Levy B. 2009. Problem-Driven Governance and Political Economy Analysis. Washington D.C. Available from: https://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTPUBLICSECTORANDGOVERNANCE/Resources/PGPEbook121509.pdf

 

Hoare A. 2015. Illegal Logging and Related Trade: The Response in Malaysia. Res Pap [Internet].:35. Available from: https://www.illegal-logging.info/sites/files/chlogging/CHHJ2771_Cameroon_Logging_Research_Paper_A4_01.15_WEB%2816.01.15%29.pdf

 

Lazaroo S. 2016. Forestry Department using real-time technology to combat illegal logging. StarOnline.

 

NRE. National Forest Monitoring System [Internet]. Kuala Lumpur. Available from: http://www.nre.gov.my/sites/climatechange/Initiatives-and-Programmes/redd/Documents/2. National Forest Monitoring System.pdf

 

Popkin G. 2018. US government considers charging for popular Earth-observing data. Nature.

 

Saturi S. 2013. Data Deforestasi RI Meragukan, Metodologi Dipertanyakan. Mongabay.

 

TheStraitTimes. 2016. Singapore to pursue firms over fires, despite Indonesian ire.

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Thung P. 2014. The politics of nature in Indonesia [Internet]. [place unknown]: Wageningen University. Available from: http://edepot.wur.nl/318296

Results

  • Prepared a methodological framework for monitoring and evaluation of a UK Space Agency funded programme called PASSES
  • In 2018, Dala contributed to the completion of the baseline study of PASSES in Indonesia and Malaysia which included political economy analysis and data collection for key performance indicators
  • Interviewed about 30 key stakeholders in Indonesia and Malaysia which included the Peat Restoration Agency, Indonesia’s Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Bogor Agricultural Institute, associations, Malaysia’s Global Environment Institute, NGOs and several private companies.
  • Baseline study of PASSES
  • Political economy analysis of peatland in Indonesia